Abstract Body
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a key tool for evaluating the environmental performance of bio-based systems, yet important challenges remain in emerging aquaculture systems characterised by early-stage technologies, multifunctionality, and complex valorisation pathways. In parallel, circularity assessment is gaining relevance, but its integration within life cycle–based sustainability frameworks is not well established.
This work presents the methodological framework developed in the INNOAQUA project to advance the integration of circularity into Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) for aquaculture systems. The approach supports consistent and decision-relevant sustainability evaluation across multiple innovations, including algae-based ingredients, fish by-product valorisation routes, and bio-based products.
The methodology is structured around a dual-level assessment. At ingredient and product level, a four-step framework is applied: system structuring through harmonised Value Stream Maps, circularity assessment based on water recirculation, waste minimisation, waste valorisation and material circularity indicators, environmental assessment using LCA, and integration of sustainability and circularity dimensions. At project level, environmental impacts are assessed through scenario-based aggregation of life cycle results, while circularity is evaluated through a portfolio based interpretation, reflecting its non-additive nature.
The framework highlights key methodological challenges in aligning circularity with life cycle–based sustainability assessment. Circularity indicators describe intrinsic system properties that do not scale linearly and cannot be directly aggregated, limiting their integration into conventional LCSA approaches. In addition, trade-offs between circularity strategies and environmental performance may arise, particularly in processes requiring increased energy or processing intensity.
These findings support positioning circularity as a complementary dimension within LCSA rather than a directly aggregable metric. The INNOAQUA framework contributes to efforts to harmonise life cycle approaches for emerging bio-based systems by providing a structured and scalable methodology. The insights generated are transferable to other aquatic and bio-based value chains, supporting more robust and decision-relevant sustainability evaluations.
Disclaimer/ Disclosure
This work has been supported by the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101084383 (INNOAQUA). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Executive Agency (REA).