PHENOLIC PLANT EXTRACTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE BACTERIAL AND VIRAL DISEASES IN THE Litopenaeus vannamei JUVENILE PRODUCTION IN MEXICO

Introduction

Shrimp juvenile rearing is one of the most important processes of shrimp aquaculture worldwide, enhancing the production of millions of tons of shrimp annually and providing employment for thousands of people (Cuéllar-Lugo et al., 2018). Throughout history, multiple diseases caused by various viruses and bacteria have led to millions of dollars in crop losses. To combat viruses and bacterial diseases in juvenile production instead antibiotics that have increased pathogen resistance (Morales-Covarrubias et al., 2011) the use of phenolic extracts plant extracts in Mexico due to their antibacterial and antiviral pharmacological properties (Banerjee et al., 2008) has shown successfully results. In the present study, the effects of the addition of microencapsulated phenolic extracts from plant species from the tropical deciduous forest in Mexico on the growth, survival, and gene expression of shrimp juvenile has been determined.

Material and Methods

Results

Discussion

The higher concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in M. emarginata leaves than those reported by Vasavilbazo-Saucedo et al. (2018) could be related to the ecological characteristics of the sampling sites. Those authors collected samples on a sandy island without a high diversity of herbivores and with extreme dry weather. In contrast, the specimens collected in this study face higher herbivore competition, less water stress, and parasites. These factors stimulate phenolic compound production as a defense mechanism (Nieto Ramírez et al., 2018).

No previous reports regarding P. blakeana have been published. Compared with other species from the Pereskioidae subfamily, such as Opuntia spp, Cylindropuntia rosea, Tacinga inamoena, and Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica, the phenolic compound profiles vary (Chen et al., 2023; Dantas et al., 2013; Ko et al., 2025; Pensamiento-Niño et al., 2021; Torres et al., 2023; Vieira et al., 2024) These phenolic compounds variation has been shown to affect antioxidant capacity and antiviral or antibacterial activities. In this sense, Zhang et al. (2016) and Sanathkumar et al. (2014) have reported significantly higher mortality compared to the present results in shrimp co-infected with WSSV and V. parahaemolyticus applied to P. vannamei post-larvae. This difference could be attributed to the fact that simultaneous infections with two major pathogens tend to trigger an antagonistic interaction, reducing the effect or response of one of them in the shrimp (Rubio-Castro et al., 2016). Consistent with this, Pang et al. (2019) who supplemented feed with phosphatases, corroborated this phenomenon and a lower mortality in organisms infected simultaneously by WSSV and V. parahaemolyticus compared to those subjected to sequential infections at different times and in different order were reported.

Acknowledgment

Authors thanks to INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL (IPN) and Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas del IPN (COFAA).

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